14. MONKEYPOX (MPOX): EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND MODERN METHODS OF MOLECULAR MONITORING

MONKEYPOX (MPOX): EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND MODERN
METHODS OF MOLECULAR MONITORING
E. Zh. Baltabaeva¹, T. A. Abdyldaev², A. E. Ryspekova¹
Asian International University named after Satkynbai Tentishev
¹Department of Interprofessional Disciplines
²Department of Surgery
Abstract.
Background: In recent years, mpox (monkeypox virus) has expanded beyond traditionally
endemic regions and is now considered a factor of global infectious risk. The widening geographic
distribution of cases and changes in outbreak patterns indicate the virus’s ability to circulate
efficiently under new epidemiological conditions. This highlights the need for a more detailed
investigation of its genetic variability and transmission mechanisms. In this context, the
development of genomic epidemiological surveillance is of particular importance.
Objective: To summarize and critically evaluate current data on the epidemiological
characteristics of mpox, its molecular evolution, and the potential of genomic monitoring in the
context of global spread.
Materials and Methods: Data from international organizations (WHO, CDC) for the period
2022–2025, as well as scientific publications on mpox outbreaks and their molecular genetic
features, were analyzed. Aggregated genomic data from the GISAID platform (EpiPox module)
and results of previously published phylogenetic studies were used. No original statistical analyses
or laboratory investigations were conducted in this study.
Results: Current mpox variants are classified into two major genetic clades (I and II), with
clade II further divided into sublineages IIa and IIb. The ongoing global outbreaks are
predominantly associated with sublineage IIb, which demonstrates increased efficiency of human
to-human transmission. The use of international genomic platforms enables tracking of viral
mutations, reconstruction of transmission chains, and assessment of spread dynamics.
Conclusion: The continued spread of mpox necessitates further strengthening of integrated
epidemiological and genomic surveillance systems. Key priorities include expanding international
data sharing, standardizing genomic analysis approaches, and implementing molecular methods
for early detection and effective control of the infection.
Keywords: mpox, monkeypox, epidemiology, genomic surveillance, genome sequencing,
phylogenetic analysis, GISAID.